MOSFET (Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor), gate ucuna uygulanan gerilimle drain-source arasındaki akımı kontrol eden, gerilim kontrollü bir yarıiletken anahtarlama elemanıdır. Güç elektroniğinde en yaygın kullanılan anahtarlardan biridir.
Temel uçlar
Gate (G): Kontrol ucu (kapasitif davranır, idealde sürekli akım çekmez)
Drain (D): Akımın “girdiği” güç ucu (devreye göre değişebilir)
Source (S): Akımın “çıktığı” güç ucu
Nasıl çalışır?
Gate ile source arasına Vgs gerilimi uygulandığında MOSFET’in içinde bir iletim kanalı oluşur ve D-S yolu iletime geçer. Gate yalıtkan katmanla ayrıldığı için kontrol, “akımla” değil “gerilimle” yapılır; pratikte gate’i açıp kapamak için gate kapasitelerini şarj/deşarj edersiniz.
Türler
N-kanal MOSFET: Daha düşük Rds(on) ve daha yüksek verim nedeniyle güç uygulamalarında en sık tercih edilir.
P-kanal MOSFET: High-side anahtarlamada sürmesi daha kolay olabilir, fakat genelde Rds(on) daha yüksektir.
Güç MOSFET’lerde kritik özellikler
Rds(on): İletimdeki eşdeğer direnç, iletim kaybını belirler (sıcaklıkla artar).
Vds (maks.): Drain-source dayanım gerilimi (transient payı şart).
Qg (Gate Charge): Sürücü ihtiyacı ve anahtarlama hızını belirler.
Vgs(th): Eşik gerilimi, “tam iletim” demek değildir.
Body diyodu: Çoğu güç MOSFET’te S-D arasında gövde diyodu vardır; endüktif yüklerde önemli hale gelir.
Nerelerde kullanılır?
DC motor, solenoid, röle sürme
SMPS (buck, boost), inverter ve güç dönüştürücüler
Batarya koruma, güç dağıtımı, senkron doğrultma
İstersen hangi devrede kullanacağını (gerilim, akım, anahtarlama frekansı, low-side mı high-side mı) yaz, o koşullara göre MOSFET seçimi için net kriterleri de çıkarayım.
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